ambert2003

Ambert, Cecile: Promoting the Culture Sector through Job Creation and Small Enterprise Development in SADC Countries: The Music Industry. Geneva: International Labour Office, SEED Working Paper No. 49, 2003. x & 69 p. ISBN 92-2-115283-9

CONTENTS

Foreword iii
Executive summary ix

1. Introduction
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Socio-economic issues in the music industry 2
   1.2.1 Importance of the sector to the cultural industries 2
   1.2.2 Music as a bridge across culture, national
             boundaries and conflict 2
   1.2.3 Development issues in the music industry 3
1.3 Global trends 4
   1.3.1 Global players’ perspective on global market trends 4
   1.3.2 Institutional and organizational dynamics 6
   1.3.3 Growth of World Music across cultural divides 8
   1.3.4 Music piracy and parallel economies 9

2. The music industry value chain in the SADC region
2.1 Conceptual framework for analysing the music industry 10
2.2 Generic actors 10
2.3 Diagram of the value chain in the music industry in 
      the SADC region 11
2.4 Beginnings: The first segment of the value chain 12
2.5 Production: The second link in the value chain 15
2.6 Circulation: The third segment of the value chain 17
   2.6.1 Live performance circulation 17
2.7 Delivery mechanisms: The fourth segment of the value chain 18
   2.7.1 Live performance delivery mechanisms 19
   2.7.2 Broadcasting 20
2.8 Audience reception and feedback: The fifth segment of 
      the value chain 21
   2.8.1 The global recording industry-driven import market 22
   2.8.2 The international consumption market for SADC products 22
   2.8.3 The trans-regional market 23
   2.8.4 Local production for local consumption 24
2.9 The pirate value chain 24
2.10 Stakeholder bodies: Low capacity and bargaining power 26
2.11 Lack of coordinating bodies 27
2.12 Policy issues 28
   2.12.1 Copyright protection and collection systems 28
   2.12.2 Contractual arrangements 29
2.13 Making a living 30
2.14 Location 31
2.15 Gender and racial issues 31
2.16 Main characteristics of the music industry in the 
        SADC countries 31

3. Analysis of key issues and proposals for targeted actions and interventions
3.1 Key issues and dynamics emerging from the research 34
   3.1.1 Contextual preconditions for the growth of the industry 34
   3.1.2 Supportive policy and legislative measures 35
   3.1.3 Professionalism and entrepreneurship 36
   3.1.4 Developing local and international markets 37
3.2 Gap analysis of the key issues and dynamics 38
3.3 Targeted actions and interventions 40
   3.3.1 Institutional responsibility for driving actions and
             interventions 40
   3.3.2 Education and training 41
   3.3.3 Developing localized, industry actor-specific business
             growth strategies 43
   3.3.4 Establishing a facilitative framework for industry growth 44
3.4 Concluding statements 46

Bibliography 47

Annexes
1. Key organizations in the region 51
2. List of interviewees 53
3. Country cases 55
4. Intellectual property, copyright and related rights and 
     collective management of rights 57
5. National copyright offices in the SADC region 61

Boxes
1.1 Role of the music industry in fighting HIV/AIDS in Zambia 3
1.2 Supporting musicians as a micro-marketing initiative in
       tourism destinations 3
1.3 Mergers and agglomeration 7
1.4 WOMAD, a celebration of World Music 9
1.5 Impact of piracy on a developing country’s recording industry 9
2.1 Music education through initiation processes 13
2.2 Lack of formal education in music 14
2.3 Musical milieu in Maputo 14
2.4 Quality control and production facilities in South Africa 15
2.5 Radio Tanzania recordings – An opportunity and a piracy risk 16
2.6 An example of good practice in Zimbabwe: Fighting piracy
       through right-pricing and regulating the distribution network 19
2.7 The paucity of live performance opportunities stifles livelihoods
       and music industry development in Angola 20
2.8 Encouraging local performers: Music festivals are a
       growing industry 20
2.9 Broadcasters – Makers and breakers in the music industry 21
2.10 Artists developing a sense of the market: Papa Wemba, an
         artist of two musical worlds 23
2.11 The MIDI Trust: An example of good practice in South Africa.27
2.12 Government or parastatal intervention in the United Republic 
        of Tanzania 30
3.1 Independent-driven music industry in the United Republic
       of Tanzania 36
3.2 Proposed set of key questions to facilitate strategic thinking 
       in the music industry 43

Tables
2.1 Summary overview of main characteristics of the music
       industry in the SADC region 32
3.1 Needs, assets and gaps: An overview of the music industry
       in the SADC region, 2002 39

Figures
1.1 Industry supply chain 8
2.1 Diagram of the value chain in the music industry in the
      SADC region 12