maccoy2013

McCoy, Jason T.:
Mbwirabumva (“I Speak to Those Who Understand”): 
Three Songs by Simon Bikindi and the War and Genocide in Rwanda.

Ph.D. Florida State University (Tallahassee, Fla.), 2013. xi & 387 p.

CONTENTS

Abstract ix

Chapter 1
Introduction 1
Significance of the Study 14
Review of Literature 16
   Historical and Sociological Studies of the Genocide 16
   Music and Mass Atrocity 22
   Censorship of Music 25
   Literature on Bikindi 28
Biographical Sketch of Bikindi 33
   Childhood 33
   Adolescence 35
   Early Adulthood and Professional Life 36
   Bikindi the Celebrity 38
   Musical and Compositional Approach 39
   “Twasazareye” and the Founding of Itorero Irindiro 40
   Economic Collapse, Multipartyism, Civil War, and Genocide 41
   Personal Impressions 44
Methodology 46
   Ethics of Research in a Post-Conflict Region 51
   Conceptual Approach 56
   Live Texts 57
   Polyvocal Ethnography 60
   Hermeneutic Phenomenology 62
   Ethnography of the Individual 63
Chapter Organization 64

Chapter 2
Historical Background of the Genocide and its Politicization 66
General Framework of Rwandan History 68
The Ancient Era 71
   The Origins of Hutu and Tutsi 72
The Abanyiginya Monarchial Era 74
   Ruganzu Ndori and the Birth of the Abanyiginya Dyansty 74
   The Beginning of the Patron=Client System 76
   The Expansion and Complexity of the Monarchy 77
   Hutu and Tutsi as Occupational and Socioeconomic Identities 79
   The Social and Political Inferiorizing of Hutu 80
   The End of the Dynasty 81
   Colonial-Monarchial Era 81
   The Hamitic Myth and the Racialization of Hutu and Tutsi 82
   The Colonial=Monarchial Alliance 83
   Belgian Colonialism and the Further Racialization of
   Hutu and Tutsi 84
   The Democratic Revolution of 1959=1961 86
The Independent Republic Era 88
   Rubanda Nyamwinshi and the Persecution of Tutsi
   under PARMEHutu 88
   Habyarimana and the Second Republic 90
   Economic Collapse and Multipartyism 91
   War with the RPF and the Arusha Accords 92
The Genocide 94
Concluding Remarks 96

Chapter 3
The Trail 99
Purpose in Studying Bikindi’s Trail 100
Chronology and Composition of the Chamber and Counsels 102
Explanation of the Charges 103
   Genocide 103
   Conspiracy to Commit Genocide 106
   Complicity in Genocide 106
   Direct and Public Incitement to Commit Genocide 107
   Murder and Persecution as Crimes against Humanity 111
Specific Charges and Judges’ Decisions 114
   Massacre of Tutsi Prisoners at the Gisenyi Prison 114
   Murder of Stanislas Gasasira 121
   Murders of Karasira and Family 122
   Massacres at Nyamyumba and Incident at Rugerero
   Roadblock 124
   Rape and Killing of Ancilla and Her Daughter 126
   Massacres at Camp Scout 127
   Murders of Three Women at Commune Rouge 128
   Allegations of Sexual Violence 128
   Conspiring with Political and Military Leaders and
   RTLM Personnel 128
   Statements Delivered at Political Rallies 130
   Statements Delivered on the Road between Kivumu
   and Kayove 133
   Composing Songs with the Intent to Incite Genocide 136
Aggravating and Mitigating Circumstances 138
Verdict and Sentencing 139
The Appeal 139
Bikindi’s Final Statement to the Court 143
Concluding Remarks 146

Chapter 4
The Songs 150
Claims from the Prosecution, Defence, and Final Judgement 154
Confliction Interpretations of the Songs 157
   Political Allegiances and Conflicting Interpretations 159
   Experiences of the Genocide and Its Aftermath and Conflicting
   Interpretations 160
   Perceptions of Bikindi among Hutu vs. Tutsi Participants 161
   Perceptions of History and Conflicting Interpretations of
   the Songs 162
The Spoken and Unspoken in Kinyarwanda Discourse 163
The Historical and Political Role of Rwandan Musicians 170
Notes on Translation Methods and Orthography 171
Concerning Issues of Intellectual Property Rights 176
“Twasazareye” (“We Bade Farewell”) 177
“Akabyutso” (“The Awakening”) 187
“Intabaza” (“Intabaza”) 196

Chapter 5
Commentary on the Songs 216
Commentary from Personal Conversations 217
Commentary from the Trail: “Twasazareye” 225
   Testimony from Prosecution Witnesses 225
   Testimony from Defense Witnesses 231
Commentary from the Trail: “Akabyutso” 236
   Testimony from Prosecution Witnesses 236
   Testimony from Defense Witnesses 238
Commentary from the Trail:  “Intabaza” (“The Alert”) 246
   Testimony from Prosecution Witnesses 246
   Testimony from Defense Witnesses 247

Chapter 6
Radio and the Propagandinzation of the Songs 253
From Radio Rawanda to RTLM 255
   Radio Rwanda vs. Radio Muhabura 256
   The Founding and Format of RTLM 257
   RTLM as Voice of the People or Voice of the Government? 259
   The Legitimization of RTLM as a Source of Information
   and Analysis 260
   From Respectable Critique to Outright Hatred 267
Arguments Concerning the Effectiveness of RTLM in
Inciting Genocide 269
The Workings of Propaganda 271
A Narrative of Victimhood and Victory 276

Chapter 7
Music, Remembrance, Self-Narrativity, and Healing
Among Five Genocide Survivors
283
Case Study 1: Julius 284
   Nostalgia for a Nightmare?  288
   Nostalgia as Self=Resurrection 290
   Music as a Catalyst for Nostalgia 292
Case Study 2: Pierre 295
Case Study 3: Innocent 298
   Innocent listens to Bikindi’s Songs 305
Trauma, Self-Narrativity, and Healing 308
   Defining and Conceptualizing Trauma 308
   The Need to Tell in the Aftermath of Genocide 311
   The Need for a Listener 317
   The Role of Bikindi’s Songs in Therapeutic Self=Narrativity 321
Case Study 4: Jeannette and Augustin 323

Chapter 8
Coerced Self-Censorship of Bikindi’s Songs 328
The Sociopolitical Context of Censorship in Rwanda 330
Examples of RPT Indoctrination Processes 334
   The National Museum of Rwanda 334
   Educational Policies 335
   Indoctrination Camps (Ingando) 336
   Compulsory Attendance at Gacaca 337
   Censorship of News Media 340
   Genocide Memorials 342
   The Suppression of Criticism of the RPF 347
   Elimination of Political Opponents 349
Why Bikindi’s Songs are Censored 351
Law Related to Censorship 353
Identity, Suspicion, and Ownership of Bikindi’s Songs 357
   The Freedom of Tutsi and RPF Supporters 358
   The Concerns of Some Hutu and RPF Critics 359
Coerced Self-Censorship 363
Justifying the Censorship of Bikindi’s Songs 364

Epilogue 367

Apendix A
E-mail Correspondence dated 23 may 2008 from the Florida State University Institutional Review Board for Research Involving Human Subjects 373

References 374

Biographical Sketch 387

  • Mortaigne, Veronique:
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    Arles: Actes Sud, 1997. 203 p.

    ISBN 2-7427-1152-X 

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  • Johnson, John William:
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    Foreword to the 1996 edition by Abdilahi Qarshi xi
    Preface to the first edition xv
    Preface to the 1996 edition xxiii

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    The Modem Poem: Heello A to Heello B 82

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    The Historical Background 95
    The Poetry of the Second Period 103

    6. The Heello: Period Three
    The Historical Background 117
    The Poetry of the Third Period 146

    7. Characteristics of the Heello: All Periods
    Themes Common to All Periods 175
    Structural Characteristics and
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  • Collins, [Edmund] John:
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    Foreword by Banning Eyre ix
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    11 Frank Talk about Fela 152
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    14 Anku Checks Out the Beat 178
    15 Nana Danso Orchestrates 183
    16 Some Early Afro-Fusion Pioneers 197
    17 Interview with Fela 204
    18 Afterthoughts and Updates 209
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    Selected Bibliography 281
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    Index 309

  • Erlmann, Veit (ed.):
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    Veröffentlichungen des Museum für Völkerkunde.
    Neue Folge 53. Abteilung Musikethnologie VIII.
    Berlin: Museum für Völkerkunde, 1991. 312 pp. & 2 CDs.
    ISBN 3-88609-213-5

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  • Sweeney, Philip:
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    With Contributions from Peter Gabriel, Andy Kershaw, Giberto Gil [&] Manu Dibango.
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    Section Africa 1-81
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    sweeney1991CONTENTS

    AFRICA

    The North and West
    Introduction: Peter Gabriel 1
    Libya 3
    Tunisia 5
    Algeria 6
    Morocco 13
    Mauritania 16
    Senegal 17
    Mali 20
    Guinea 26
    Guinea-Bissau 29
    Cape Verde 29
    Sierra Leone 31
    Côte d’Ivoire 32
    Ghana 34
    Togo and Benin 36
    Nigeria 37

    Central Africa, The South and East
    Introduction: Manu Dibango 42
    Cameroon 44
    Zaire 49
    Congo 56
    Gabon 56
    Angola 57
    Zambia 58
    Mozambique 59
    Zimbabwe 60
    South Africa 65
    Madagascar 70
    Mauritius and Reunion 71
    Tanzania and Zanzibar 72
    Kenya 74
    Uganda 76
    Burundi 76
    Ethiopia 77
    Sudan 79

  • Lee, Hélène:
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    ISBN 2-226-03 139-1 

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