maccoy2013
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McCoy, Jason T.: |
CONTENTS
Abstract ix
Chapter 1
Introduction 1
Significance of the Study 14
Review of Literature 16
Historical and Sociological Studies of the Genocide 16
Music and Mass Atrocity 22
Censorship of Music 25
Literature on Bikindi 28
Biographical Sketch of Bikindi 33
Childhood 33
Adolescence 35
Early Adulthood and Professional Life 36
Bikindi the Celebrity 38
Musical and Compositional Approach 39
“Twasazareye” and the Founding of Itorero Irindiro 40
Economic Collapse, Multipartyism, Civil War, and Genocide 41
Personal Impressions 44
Methodology 46
Ethics of Research in a Post-Conflict Region 51
Conceptual Approach 56
Live Texts 57
Polyvocal Ethnography 60
Hermeneutic Phenomenology 62
Ethnography of the Individual 63
Chapter Organization 64
Chapter 2
Historical Background of the Genocide and its Politicization 66
General Framework of Rwandan History 68
The Ancient Era 71
The Origins of Hutu and Tutsi 72
The Abanyiginya Monarchial Era 74
Ruganzu Ndori and the Birth of the Abanyiginya Dyansty 74
The Beginning of the Patron=Client System 76
The Expansion and Complexity of the Monarchy 77
Hutu and Tutsi as Occupational and Socioeconomic Identities 79
The Social and Political Inferiorizing of Hutu 80
The End of the Dynasty 81
Colonial-Monarchial Era 81
The Hamitic Myth and the Racialization of Hutu and Tutsi 82
The Colonial=Monarchial Alliance 83
Belgian Colonialism and the Further Racialization of
Hutu and Tutsi 84
The Democratic Revolution of 1959=1961 86
The Independent Republic Era 88
Rubanda Nyamwinshi and the Persecution of Tutsi
under PARMEHutu 88
Habyarimana and the Second Republic 90
Economic Collapse and Multipartyism 91
War with the RPF and the Arusha Accords 92
The Genocide 94
Concluding Remarks 96
Chapter 3
The Trail 99
Purpose in Studying Bikindi’s Trail 100
Chronology and Composition of the Chamber and Counsels 102
Explanation of the Charges 103
Genocide 103
Conspiracy to Commit Genocide 106
Complicity in Genocide 106
Direct and Public Incitement to Commit Genocide 107
Murder and Persecution as Crimes against Humanity 111
Specific Charges and Judges’ Decisions 114
Massacre of Tutsi Prisoners at the Gisenyi Prison 114
Murder of Stanislas Gasasira 121
Murders of Karasira and Family 122
Massacres at Nyamyumba and Incident at Rugerero
Roadblock 124
Rape and Killing of Ancilla and Her Daughter 126
Massacres at Camp Scout 127
Murders of Three Women at Commune Rouge 128
Allegations of Sexual Violence 128
Conspiring with Political and Military Leaders and
RTLM Personnel 128
Statements Delivered at Political Rallies 130
Statements Delivered on the Road between Kivumu
and Kayove 133
Composing Songs with the Intent to Incite Genocide 136
Aggravating and Mitigating Circumstances 138
Verdict and Sentencing 139
The Appeal 139
Bikindi’s Final Statement to the Court 143
Concluding Remarks 146
Chapter 4
The Songs 150
Claims from the Prosecution, Defence, and Final Judgement 154
Confliction Interpretations of the Songs 157
Political Allegiances and Conflicting Interpretations 159
Experiences of the Genocide and Its Aftermath and Conflicting
Interpretations 160
Perceptions of Bikindi among Hutu vs. Tutsi Participants 161
Perceptions of History and Conflicting Interpretations of
the Songs 162
The Spoken and Unspoken in Kinyarwanda Discourse 163
The Historical and Political Role of Rwandan Musicians 170
Notes on Translation Methods and Orthography 171
Concerning Issues of Intellectual Property Rights 176
“Twasazareye” (“We Bade Farewell”) 177
“Akabyutso” (“The Awakening”) 187
“Intabaza” (“Intabaza”) 196
Chapter 5
Commentary on the Songs 216
Commentary from Personal Conversations 217
Commentary from the Trail: “Twasazareye” 225
Testimony from Prosecution Witnesses 225
Testimony from Defense Witnesses 231
Commentary from the Trail: “Akabyutso” 236
Testimony from Prosecution Witnesses 236
Testimony from Defense Witnesses 238
Commentary from the Trail: “Intabaza” (“The Alert”) 246
Testimony from Prosecution Witnesses 246
Testimony from Defense Witnesses 247
Chapter 6
Radio and the Propagandinzation of the Songs 253
From Radio Rawanda to RTLM 255
Radio Rwanda vs. Radio Muhabura 256
The Founding and Format of RTLM 257
RTLM as Voice of the People or Voice of the Government? 259
The Legitimization of RTLM as a Source of Information
and Analysis 260
From Respectable Critique to Outright Hatred 267
Arguments Concerning the Effectiveness of RTLM in
Inciting Genocide 269
The Workings of Propaganda 271
A Narrative of Victimhood and Victory 276
Chapter 7
Music, Remembrance, Self-Narrativity, and Healing
Among Five Genocide Survivors 283
Case Study 1: Julius 284
Nostalgia for a Nightmare? 288
Nostalgia as Self=Resurrection 290
Music as a Catalyst for Nostalgia 292
Case Study 2: Pierre 295
Case Study 3: Innocent 298
Innocent listens to Bikindi’s Songs 305
Trauma, Self-Narrativity, and Healing 308
Defining and Conceptualizing Trauma 308
The Need to Tell in the Aftermath of Genocide 311
The Need for a Listener 317
The Role of Bikindi’s Songs in Therapeutic Self=Narrativity 321
Case Study 4: Jeannette and Augustin 323
Chapter 8
Coerced Self-Censorship of Bikindi’s Songs 328
The Sociopolitical Context of Censorship in Rwanda 330
Examples of RPT Indoctrination Processes 334
The National Museum of Rwanda 334
Educational Policies 335
Indoctrination Camps (Ingando) 336
Compulsory Attendance at Gacaca 337
Censorship of News Media 340
Genocide Memorials 342
The Suppression of Criticism of the RPF 347
Elimination of Political Opponents 349
Why Bikindi’s Songs are Censored 351
Law Related to Censorship 353
Identity, Suspicion, and Ownership of Bikindi’s Songs 357
The Freedom of Tutsi and RPF Supporters 358
The Concerns of Some Hutu and RPF Critics 359
Coerced Self-Censorship 363
Justifying the Censorship of Bikindi’s Songs 364
Epilogue 367
Apendix A
E-mail Correspondence dated 23 may 2008 from the Florida State University Institutional Review Board for Research Involving Human Subjects 373
References 374
Biographical Sketch 387
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