gitonga2009

/by

Gitonga, Priscilla Nyawira:
Music as Social Discourse: The Contribution of Popular Music to
the Awareness and Prevention of HIV/Aids in Nairobi, Kenya.
M.M. Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (Port Elizabeth), 2009. xiii & 238 p.

CONTENTS

Acknowledgements vi
Summary vii
Key words viii
List of abbreviations ix
List of tables xi
List of musical examples xii
List of illustrations xiii

Chapter 1
Introduction to this study
1. The aim of this study 1
2. Rationale 2
3. Research problem 6
4. Objectives and research methods 7
5. Delimitations of this study 8
6. Outlay of chapters 9

Chapter 2
The people of Kenya
1. Introduction 11
2. Political history 12
3. Culture 15
4. Religion and worldview 19
5. Language 23
6. Music and dance 29
  6.1. Traditional music 29
  6.2. Popular music 34
    6.2.1. Benga 35
    6.2.2. Rumba and soukous 36
    6.2.3. Tanzanian rumba 37
    6.2.4. International pop 38
    6.2.5. Taarab 40
    6.2.6. Gospel music 41
7. Gender 42

Chapter 3
HIV/Aids in Kenya
1. Introduction 44
2. Kenyan HIV/Aids statistics 45
3. Factors influencing the spread of HIV/Aids in Kenya 48
  3.1. Predisposing factors 48
    3.1.1. Poverty 48
    3.1.2. Sexually transmitted infections 49
    3.1.3. Drug abuse and alcoholism 50
    3.1.4. Conflicts and ethnic wars 51
  3.2. Other contributing factors 52
    3.2.1. Cultural practices and perceptions 52
    3.2.2. Religion 59
4. Those most vulnerable to HIV/Aids infection 59
5. The impact of HIV/Aids at national level 60
  5.1. Socio-Economic impact 60
  5.2. Orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) 62
6. Kenyan government interventions 63
  6.1. Leadership and co-ordination 63
  6.2. Existing Intervention strategies 65
    6.2.1. Voluntary counseling and testing 66
    6.2.2. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission 67
    6.2.3. Health system precautions and blood safety 68
    6.2.4. Condom promotion 68
    6.2.5. Treatment of sexually transmitted infections 69
    6.2.6. Creating awareness 69
    6.2.7. Treatment and care of people living with
               HIV/Aids (PLWA) 71
7. Visible achievements in the fight againist HIV/Aids in Kenya 72
8. Challenges ahead 73

Chapter 4
The people of Nairobi
1. Introduction 77
2. History of Nairobi 78
3. Population and culture of Nairobi 79
4. Functions of Nairobi 80
  4.1. Administrative centre 80
  4.2. Business and economy centre 81
  4.3. Tourism centre 82
  4.4. Education centre 82
  4.5. Media centre 83
  4.6. Transport Hub .85
  4.7. Sports Centre 86
  4.8. Music, Literature and Film Centre .87
  4.9. Residential Area90
5. Language 91
6. Religion 92
7. Social problems 93
  7.1. Crime 93
  7.2. Drug abuse and alcoholism 93
  7.3. HIV/Aids 94

Chapter 5
Theoretical approaches in popular music studies
1. Introduction 97
2. Musicological approaches to popular music analysis 104
  2.1. Schenkerian analysis 106
  2.2. Style analysis 108
  2.3. Multiparameter analysis 110
  2.4. Performance analysis 116
3. Extra-musicological approaches to popular music analysis 118
  3.1. Sociological and cultural studies 118
    3.1.1. Ethnomusicological approaches 119
    3.1.2. Subculture analysis 120
  3.2. Semiological analysis 125
  3.3. Feminism, gender and sexuality 130
4. An “eclectic” semiotic approach to African popular
    music analysis 133

Chapter 6
Reading Kenyan popular music:
Unpopular message in a popular song
1. Introduction 138
2. The artists 142
  2.1. Wasike wa Musungu 142
  2.2. Circute and Jo-el 144
  2.3. The Longombas 144
  2.4. Princess Jully 146
3. Music and Text 148
  3.1. Wasike wa Musungu: Lulumbe 148
    3.1.1 The Lyrics of Lulumbe (Strange Killer Disease) 148
    3.1.2. The Music of Lulumbe (Strange Killer Disease) 155
    3.1.3. Performance analysis 159
    3.1.4. Social significance of the music and text 161
  3.2. Circute and Jo-el: Juala 162
    3.2.1. The lyrics of Juala (Condom) 162
    3.2.2. The music of Juala (Condom) 170
    3.2.3. Performance analysis 174
    3.2.4. Social significance of the music and text 175
  3.3. Longombas: Vuta Pumz 177
    3.3.1. The Lyrics of Vuta Pumz (Take a Deep Breath) 177
    3.3.2. The Music of Vuta Pumz (Take a Deep Breath) 182
    3.3.3. Performance analysis 189
    3.3.4. Social significance of the music and the text 190
  3.4. Princess Jully: Dunia Mbaya Chunguzee 192
    3.4.1. The lyrics of Dunia Mbaya Chunguze (The World Is Dreadful, Mind Yourselves) 192
    3.4.2. The music of Dunia Mbaya Chunguze 200
    3.4.3. Performance analysis 203
    3.4.4. Social significance of the music and text 205
4. Conclusion to this chapter 206

Chapter 7
Conclusion to this study 209

Sources 213

Addendums
Addendum A
Wasike wa Musungu discography 228
Addendum B
Circute and Jo-el discography 230
Addendum C
The Longombas discography 230
Addendum D
Princess Jully discography 231
Addendum E
Trancription of verbal interview(s) with Wafula Mukasa 233
Addendum F
Compact Disc recordings: 238
Track 1 – Lulumbe: Wasike wa Musungu
Track 2 – Juala: Circute and Jo-el
Track 3 – Vuta Pumz: Longombas
Track 4 – Dunia Mbaya Chunguze: Princess Jully

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    Nigeria 37

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    Gabon 56
    Angola 57
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