CONTENTS

Table of Figures viii
Table of Audio Examples xi
Glossary xii
Table of Jola Instruments xv
Acknowledgements xvi
Vita xix

Introduction
Village Planétaire 1
Theoretical Perspectives 11
Literature Review 27
Maps 47

Chapter 1
Jola Culture and History 49
Environment and Culture 54
History 67

Chapter 2
The Ekonting in Culture and History 86
History and Scholarship 88
Physical Features, Construction, and Decoration 95
Playing Technique and Scale 104
The Ekonting Among Other West African Lutes 105
Relationship to the American Banjo 109
Ekonting Players, Transmission, and Status 111
Performance Contexts 114
Ekonting Music 118
Conclusions 124

Chapter 3
Narrative Identity and the Ekonting 126
Ethnicity, Difference, and Narrative Identity 127
Adama Sambou: You Won’t Find Another
Ekonting Player Like Me 131
The Ekonting at the MFDC Festival for Peace 140
The Akonting Center for Senegambian Folk Music 152
Conclusions 164

Chapter 4
Gender, Generation, and Migration at the Alamaan Festival 167
Scholarship on Music and Gender 169
Intersecting Gender, Generation, and Migration 175
The 2015 Niaganane Alamaan 184
Conclusions 215

Chapter 5
Jola Sounds in Senegalese Pop 218
Orchestre Baobab: We Don’t Play Salsa, We Play Salad 220
Touré Kunda: You Belong to the World, Stay Who You Are 234
Xalam: Transporting a Whole Culture and Civilization 252
Conclusions 259

Chapter 6
Jolas Making Pop 261
Orchestre Casamance and the New Casamance Band:
Citizens of the World 262
Groupe Fogny: Between Troupe and Orchestre 269
Joël Maligny Bassene: You Always Return Home at Night 284
Jean Bosco Goudiaby: We Speak Many Languages 296
Conclusions 213

Chapter 7
Conclusions 314

Notes 319
References 333
Discography 365

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CONTENTS

Foreword to the first edition by B. W. Andrzejewski ix
Foreword to the 1996 edition by Abdilahi Qarshi xi
Preface to the first edition xv
Preface to the 1996 edition xxiii

1. Introduction
The social context 1
The Nature of Traditional Pastoralist Poetry 12
The Historical Development of Modern Oral Poetry 17

2. The Family of Miniature Genres
The Nature of the Family of Miniature Genres 27
The Poetry of the Miniature Family 32

3. The emergence of the Belwo
The Historical Background 49
The Belwo is Born 53
The Poetry of the Belwo 59

4. The Heello: Period One
The Metamorphosis: Belwo to Heello A 75
The Modem Poem: Heello A to Heello B 82

5. The Heello: Period Two
The Historical Background 95
The Poetry of the Second Period 103

6. The Heello: Period Three
The Historical Background 117
The Poetry of the Third Period 146

7. Characteristics of the Heello: All Periods
Themes Common to All Periods 175
Structural Characteristics and
Development Common to All Periods 190
The Impact of Media on Modern Poetry 208

8. Conclusion
The Inheritance of the Heello 215
Forces Behind the Success and Development of Modern Poetry 216

CONTENTS

Foreword by Banning Eyre ix
Introduction 1

Part 1 Early Days
1 The Birth of Afrobeat 27
2 Joe Mensah Remembers 41
3 Fela in Ghana 49
4 Stan Plange Remembers 29

Part 2 Confrontation
5 Kalakuta is Born 67
6 “JB” Talks about Fela 73
7 The Kalakuta Republic 81
8 The Black President 114
9 Amsterdam and After 125

Part 3 Retrospect
10 Mac Tontoh on Fela 139
11 Frank Talk about Fela 152
12 Obiba Plays It Again 165
13 Smart Binete Sorts It Out 174
14 Anku Checks Out the Beat 178
15 Nana Danso Orchestrates 183
16 Some Early Afro-Fusion Pioneers 197
17 Interview with Fela 204
18 Afterthoughts and Updates 209
19. Felabrations at Home and Abroad 238

Chronology 259
Notes 269
Selected Bibliography 281
Discography 285
Appendix A: “Shuffering and Shmiling” Score 303
Index 309

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CONTENTS

AFRICA

The North and West
Introduction: Peter Gabriel 1
Libya 3
Tunisia 5
Algeria 6
Morocco 13
Mauritania 16
Senegal 17
Mali 20
Guinea 26
Guinea-Bissau 29
Cape Verde 29
Sierra Leone 31
Côte d’Ivoire 32
Ghana 34
Togo and Benin 36
Nigeria 37

Central Africa, The South and East
Introduction: Manu Dibango 42
Cameroon 44
Zaire 49
Congo 56
Gabon 56
Angola 57
Zambia 58
Mozambique 59
Zimbabwe 60
South Africa 65
Madagascar 70
Mauritius and Reunion 71
Tanzania and Zanzibar 72
Kenya 74
Uganda 76
Burundi 76
Ethiopia 77
Sudan 79

TABLE DE MATIÈRES

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